![]() Arranging specimens by barcode haplotype early in the study process allows for efficient inspection of material, and facilitates the organization and management of a wealth of character data and life history information, depending on how much is available for the barcoded specimens. Widely heralded as a revolutionary taxonomic discovery tool, DNA barcoding represents perhaps the most reliable framework available for organizing specimens and specimen-based data for systematic research. The doing is often more important than the outcome. We conclude that the practices and paradigms of DNA barcoding data are likely to persist and, in groups such as Lepidoptera, remain a widely used tool in taxonomic science. Although analytical paradigms have diversified, particularly following the growing availability of tools in BoLD, neighbor-joining and graphic (tree-based) criteria for species delimitation remain preeminent. Forensic studies and papers on biological conservation involving DNA barcodes have loosely tracked the ensemble number of studies but appear to have risen sharply in 2017. The number of studies involving identification, taxonomic decisions and the discovery of cryptic species has grown rapidly and appears to have driven much of the publication activity of DNA barcode studies overall. By examining the rise of DNA barcoding in natural history and biodiversity science over this period, we hope to detect the extent to which its purposes, premises, rationale and application have evolved. Interpretations and analytical practices surrounding DNA barcoding are examined using a compilation of 3,756 papers (as of December 31, 2018) with “DNA Barcode” in the abstract published since 2004. 2Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, United States.1Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, United States. ![]()
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